David J. Harris
December 6-7, 2014
Don't try to absorb everything.
Ask lots of questions!
library(taxize)
tnrs(query = mynames, source = "iPlant_TNRS")[ , c(1:2)]
submittedname acceptedname
7 Helianthus annuus Helianthus annuus
4 Pinus contort Pinus contorta
5 Poa anua Poa annua
3 Abis magnifica Abies magnifica
8 Rosa california Rosa californica
2 Festuca arundinace Festuca arundinacea
1 Sorbus occidentalos Sorbus occidentalis
6 Madia sateva Madia sativa
34.868688 N, 87.6041417 W
34.6386747 N, 87.1912919 W
34.8 N, 87.7333333 W
34.0297881 N, 87.0592352 W
34.2016687 N, 86.4934089 W
34.5012877 N, 86.6855493 W
# Throw out everything from the first space to the end
north = as.numeric(gsub(" .*$", "", latlon))
# Retain only the bit between ", " and " W"
west = -as.numeric(gsub(".*, (.*) W", "\\1", z))
(see “bbs.html”)
It's what your colleagues use
(1 + 1 * 3)^3
[1] 64
cos(pi)
[1] -1
R can also make graphs
plot(function(x) sin(x^2), from = 0, to = 5)
Anything following “#” is ignored through the end of the line.
1+1 # This is a comment. R ignores it.
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2+2 # But tomorrow, it could be helpful
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# for understanding the code you
# wrote today.
name <- data or name = data
insect_biomass = 12
area = 50
proportion_ants = .3
insect_biomass / area
[1] 0.24
insect_biomass * proportion_ants
[1] 3.6
x = 2 # Save "2"" with the name "x"
y = x # save x's current value with the name "y"
x = 3 # Change x's value to 3
x
[1] 3
y
[1] 2
ls() or objects commands(sin(1) + log(5)) / 3
[1] 0.817
“Take this thing and do the function to it”
cos(pi) # Take pi and *calculate its cosine*
[1] -1
log(area) # Take `area` & *calculate its log*
[1] 3.912
log(area, base = 2) # Take `area` & *calculate its log* *in base 2*
[1] 5.644
rep(5, times = 7) # Take 5 and *repeat* it 7 times*
[1] 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
sin, log, rep)Naming the arguments is (usually) optional:
log(3, 2)
[1] 1.585
log(x = 3, base = 2)
[1] 1.585
Some arguments have default values that don't need to be specified: these can be found on the help pages.
?function_name or help(function_name)help(rep)
?rep
Some help files have a Note or Warning section for even more information
vignette(topic = "topic_name", package = "package_name")Books/courses
R “Gotcha's”
1 + "two"Error in 1 + "two" : non-numeric argument to binary operator
log(-1)[1] NaN
Warning message:
In log(-1) : NaNs produced
pi = 7
#
# 100 lines of code later...
#
cos(pi)
[1] 0.7539
We've already seen scalars
area = 50
rep(1, times = 5)
[1] 1 1 1 1 1
Use the c (“combine”) function
biomass = c(bugs = 12.1, flies = 23.7, beetles = 3.1)
biomass2 = c(bugs = 7.1, flies = 3.8, beetles = 8.2)
c as well.both_biomass = c(biomass, biomass2)
c(biomass, "not a number") is a character vectorArithmetic works element-by-element (based on position, not name!)
biomass
bugs flies beetles
12.1 23.7 3.1
biomass2
bugs flies beetles
7.1 3.8 8.2
biomass + biomass2
bugs flies beetles
19.2 27.5 11.3
biomass
bugs flies beetles
12.1 23.7 3.1
area
[1] 50
biomass / area
bugs flies beetles
0.242 0.474 0.062
c(10, 20) + c(1, 2, 3, 4)
[1] 11 22 13 24
Greater-than-or-equal (≥, typed as >=)
biomass >= biomass2
bugs flies beetles
TRUE TRUE FALSE
Test for equality with ==
5 == 5 * 1
[1] TRUE
(1.0 - 0.9 - 0.1) == 0
[1] FALSE
\( 1.0 - 0.9 - 0.1 = -2.78^{-17} \)
use all.equal instead
We want the second element of our vector, which has fly biomass
bugs flies beetles
12.1 23.7 3.1
biomass["flies"] # By name
biomass[2] # By index
biomass[c(-1, -3)] # Drop negatives
biomass[c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)] # With logic
biomass[biomass > 20] # With a test
factor(c("Nitrogen addition", "Phosphorous addition", "Control", "Nitrogen addition"))
Remember biomass and biomass2?
biomass_df = data.frame(
site = c("site 1", "site 2", "site 3", "site 4", "site 5"),
bugs = c(12.1, 7.1, 2.8, 12.5, 3.1),
flies = c(23.7, 3.8, 11.3, 32.1, 11.9),
beetles = c(3.1, 8.2, 17.1, 3.9, 11.7)
)
biomass_df = data.frame(
site = c("site 1", "site 2", "site 3", "site 4", "site 5"),
bugs = c(12.1, 7.1, 2.8, 12.5, 3.1),
flies = c(23.7, 3.8, 11.3, 32.1, 11.9),
beetles = c(3.1, 8.2, 17.1, 3.9, 11.7)
)
A data.frame has one column for each variable, and one row for each replicate.
Each variable is a vector.
Variables can be different types
Can contain missing values (NA)
# Structure of object
str(biomass_df) # Rstudio has same info
'data.frame': 5 obs. of 4 variables:
$ site : Factor w/ 5 levels "site 1","site 2",..: 1 2 3 4 5
$ bugs : num 12.1 7.1 2.8 12.5 3.1
$ flies : num 23.7 3.8 11.3 32.1 11.9
$ beetles: num 3.1 8.2 17.1 3.9 11.7
# Top 6 rows.with "head"
head(InsectSprays) # "Tail" gives bottom 6
count spray
1 10 A
2 7 A
3 20 A
4 14 A
5 14 A
6 12 A
class(biomass_df) # What is it?
[1] "data.frame"
length(biomass_df) # Number of vectors in DF
[1] 4
dim(biomass_df) # Dimensions
[1] 5 4
plot(biomass_df) # What's it look like?
biomass_df$flies # pull out fly vector
[1] 23.7 3.8 11.3 32.1 11.9
# rows 1 and 2, columns "flies" and "beetles"
biomass_df[c(1, 2), c("flies", "beetles")]
flies beetles
1 23.7 3.1
2 3.8 8.2
[ versus [[ versus $
$ works on lists (including data frames). Pulls out one element (e.g. a vector)[[ works on anything: pulls out one element (e.g. a vector)[ works on anything: pulls out one or more elements, leaving them in their original container (e.g. a dataframe).Workhorse is the plot function
plot(biomass_df)
Workhorse is the plot function
# The tilde indicates a "formula"
# "data" tells R where to look for flies/bugs
plot(flies ~ bugs , data = biomass_df)
Workhorse is the plot function
plot(function(x) sin(x^2), from = 0, to = 5)
Lots of other functions too!
hist(biomass_df$beetles)
plot(NULL, xlim = range(biomass_df$bugs), ylim = range(biomass_df$flies), xlab = "bug biomass (g/m^2)", ylab = "fly biomass (g/m^2)")
points(bugs ~ flies , data = biomass_df)
arrows(x0 = 5, y0=8, x1 = 12, y1 = 20, lwd = 5, col = "blue")
text(x = 5, y = 20, labels = "Text", cex = 3)
?parpar(mfrow = c(2, 1)) # 2 rows of plots
myyellow = rgb(red = 1, green = 1, blue = 0, alpha = .4)
# Plot the first beaver's temp versus time
plot(temp ~ time, data = beaver1, main = "Beaver 1")
# Giant rectangle
rect(xleft = 800, xright = 1500, ytop = 1000, ybottom = -1000, col = myyellow, border = NA)
# Plot 2nd beaver's temperature versus time
plot(temp ~ time, data = beaver2, main = "Beaver 2")
rect(xleft = 800, xright = 1500, ytop = 1000, ybottom = -1000, col = myyellow, border = NA)
# Set up the plotting device
pdf("figures/myplot.pdf", length = 7, width = 5)
# As many lines of graphics code as you'd like
plot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays)
# Seal up the pdf
dev.off()
library(mapdata)
# Tweak the margins
par("mai" = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
map(
database = "worldHires",
proj = "albers",
param = c(29.5, 45.5),
interior = TRUE,
ylim = c(25, 75),
xlim = c(-167, -53),
resolution = 0.1,
wrap = TRUE,
col = "gray",
mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0),
myborder = 0,
orientation = c(95, -102, 0),
lwd = 2
)
qplot(x = displ, y = hwy, data = mpg, color = drv) + facet_wrap(~ cyl)
xyplot(hwy ~ displ | cyl, data = mpg, groups = drv)
read.csv(file = "filename.csv")
stringsAsFactors=FALSEheader?data.table::fread is often fasterhead(read.csv("routes.csv")[3:6], header = TRUE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
Route Active Lati Longi
1 1 1 34.87 -87.60
2 2 0 34.64 -87.19
3 3 0 34.80 -87.73
4 4 1 34.03 -87.06
5 5 0 34.20 -86.49
6 6 1 34.50 -86.69
RODBC packageRMySQL, RSQLite, RPostgreSQL, etc.dplyr
raster package is very efficient with large raster sp package has a lot of low-level spatial machinery (e.g. projections)maps, mapdata, and maptools for drawing maps in base graphicsRgoogleMaps talks to Google Mapsggmap does maps in ggplot2download.fileRCurl and httr packages for requesting dataXML package for parsing web pagestwitteR package
rep("computers are good at repetition", 1000)
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[382] "computers are good at repetition"
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[384] "computers are good at repetition"
[385] "computers are good at repetition"
[386] "computers are good at repetition"
[387] "computers are good at repetition"
[388] "computers are good at repetition"
[389] "computers are good at repetition"
[390] "computers are good at repetition"
[391] "computers are good at repetition"
[392] "computers are good at repetition"
[393] "computers are good at repetition"
[394] "computers are good at repetition"
[395] "computers are good at repetition"
[396] "computers are good at repetition"
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[398] "computers are good at repetition"
[399] "computers are good at repetition"
[400] "computers are good at repetition"
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[404] "computers are good at repetition"
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[411] "computers are good at repetition"
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[413] "computers are good at repetition"
[414] "computers are good at repetition"
[415] "computers are good at repetition"
[416] "computers are good at repetition"
[417] "computers are good at repetition"
[418] "computers are good at repetition"
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[420] "computers are good at repetition"
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[425] "computers are good at repetition"
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[430] "computers are good at repetition"
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[434] "computers are good at repetition"
[435] "computers are good at repetition"
[436] "computers are good at repetition"
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[444] "computers are good at repetition"
[445] "computers are good at repetition"
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[448] "computers are good at repetition"
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[471] "computers are good at repetition"
[472] "computers are good at repetition"
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[485] "computers are good at repetition"
[486] "computers are good at repetition"
[487] "computers are good at repetition"
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[489] "computers are good at repetition"
[490] "computers are good at repetition"
[491] "computers are good at repetition"
[492] "computers are good at repetition"
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[494] "computers are good at repetition"
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[510] "computers are good at repetition"
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[512] "computers are good at repetition"
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[529] "computers are good at repetition"
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[569] "computers are good at repetition"
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[669] "computers are good at repetition"
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[769] "computers are good at repetition"
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[775] "computers are good at repetition"
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[784] "computers are good at repetition"
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[786] "computers are good at repetition"
[787] "computers are good at repetition"
[788] "computers are good at repetition"
[789] "computers are good at repetition"
[790] "computers are good at repetition"
[791] "computers are good at repetition"
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[793] "computers are good at repetition"
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[810] "computers are good at repetition"
[811] "computers are good at repetition"
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[814] "computers are good at repetition"
[815] "computers are good at repetition"
[816] "computers are good at repetition"
[817] "computers are good at repetition"
[818] "computers are good at repetition"
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[820] "computers are good at repetition"
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[822] "computers are good at repetition"
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[824] "computers are good at repetition"
[825] "computers are good at repetition"
[826] "computers are good at repetition"
[827] "computers are good at repetition"
[828] "computers are good at repetition"
[829] "computers are good at repetition"
[830] "computers are good at repetition"
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[832] "computers are good at repetition"
[833] "computers are good at repetition"
[834] "computers are good at repetition"
[835] "computers are good at repetition"
[836] "computers are good at repetition"
[837] "computers are good at repetition"
[838] "computers are good at repetition"
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[842] "computers are good at repetition"
[843] "computers are good at repetition"
[844] "computers are good at repetition"
[845] "computers are good at repetition"
[846] "computers are good at repetition"
[847] "computers are good at repetition"
[848] "computers are good at repetition"
[849] "computers are good at repetition"
[850] "computers are good at repetition"
[851] "computers are good at repetition"
[852] "computers are good at repetition"
[853] "computers are good at repetition"
[854] "computers are good at repetition"
[855] "computers are good at repetition"
[856] "computers are good at repetition"
[857] "computers are good at repetition"
[858] "computers are good at repetition"
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[863] "computers are good at repetition"
[864] "computers are good at repetition"
[865] "computers are good at repetition"
[866] "computers are good at repetition"
[867] "computers are good at repetition"
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[869] "computers are good at repetition"
[870] "computers are good at repetition"
[871] "computers are good at repetition"
[872] "computers are good at repetition"
[873] "computers are good at repetition"
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[875] "computers are good at repetition"
[876] "computers are good at repetition"
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[885] "computers are good at repetition"
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[888] "computers are good at repetition"
[889] "computers are good at repetition"
[890] "computers are good at repetition"
[891] "computers are good at repetition"
[892] "computers are good at repetition"
[893] "computers are good at repetition"
[894] "computers are good at repetition"
[895] "computers are good at repetition"
[896] "computers are good at repetition"
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[900] "computers are good at repetition"
[901] "computers are good at repetition"
[902] "computers are good at repetition"
[903] "computers are good at repetition"
[904] "computers are good at repetition"
[905] "computers are good at repetition"
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[907] "computers are good at repetition"
[908] "computers are good at repetition"
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[910] "computers are good at repetition"
[911] "computers are good at repetition"
[912] "computers are good at repetition"
[913] "computers are good at repetition"
[914] "computers are good at repetition"
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[916] "computers are good at repetition"
[917] "computers are good at repetition"
[918] "computers are good at repetition"
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[920] "computers are good at repetition"
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[922] "computers are good at repetition"
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[926] "computers are good at repetition"
[927] "computers are good at repetition"
[928] "computers are good at repetition"
[929] "computers are good at repetition"
[930] "computers are good at repetition"
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[932] "computers are good at repetition"
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[934] "computers are good at repetition"
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[942] "computers are good at repetition"
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[945] "computers are good at repetition"
[946] "computers are good at repetition"
[947] "computers are good at repetition"
[948] "computers are good at repetition"
[949] "computers are good at repetition"
[950] "computers are good at repetition"
[951] "computers are good at repetition"
[952] "computers are good at repetition"
[953] "computers are good at repetition"
[954] "computers are good at repetition"
[955] "computers are good at repetition"
[956] "computers are good at repetition"
[957] "computers are good at repetition"
[958] "computers are good at repetition"
[959] "computers are good at repetition"
[960] "computers are good at repetition"
[961] "computers are good at repetition"
[962] "computers are good at repetition"
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[965] "computers are good at repetition"
[966] "computers are good at repetition"
[967] "computers are good at repetition"
[968] "computers are good at repetition"
[969] "computers are good at repetition"
[970] "computers are good at repetition"
[971] "computers are good at repetition"
[972] "computers are good at repetition"
[973] "computers are good at repetition"
[974] "computers are good at repetition"
[975] "computers are good at repetition"
[976] "computers are good at repetition"
[977] "computers are good at repetition"
[978] "computers are good at repetition"
[979] "computers are good at repetition"
[980] "computers are good at repetition"
[981] "computers are good at repetition"
[982] "computers are good at repetition"
[983] "computers are good at repetition"
[984] "computers are good at repetition"
[985] "computers are good at repetition"
[986] "computers are good at repetition"
[987] "computers are good at repetition"
[988] "computers are good at repetition"
[989] "computers are good at repetition"
[990] "computers are good at repetition"
[991] "computers are good at repetition"
[992] "computers are good at repetition"
[993] "computers are good at repetition"
[994] "computers are good at repetition"
[995] "computers are good at repetition"
[996] "computers are good at repetition"
[997] "computers are good at repetition"
[998] "computers are good at repetition"
[999] "computers are good at repetition"
[1000] "computers are good at repetition"
species = "grouse"
#
# 100 lines of code...
#
species = "turkey"
#
# 100 lines of identical code...
#
species = "prairie chicken"
#
# 100 lines of identical code...
#
As long as some condition holds, keep doing stuff in braces.
while(1 > 0){
print("Dave is cool!!!!!!!!")
}
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
[1] "Dave is cool!!!!!!!!"
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results = replicate(
1000,
mean(rnorm(10)) # Average of 10 standard normals
)
sd(results) # Should be about sqrt(1/10)
[1] 0.3189
As long as some condition holds, keep doing stuff in braces.
result = 2 # Start at 2
done = FALSE # Task starts incomplete
while(!done){
result = result^2 # Update result
print(result) # display result
# See if we're done
if(result > 100){done = TRUE}
}
[1] 4
[1] 16
[1] 256
Do something for each element of x
for(species in c("frog", "penguin", "rat")){
new_name = paste0(toupper(species), "!")
print(new_name)
}
[1] "FROG!"
[1] "PENGUIN!"
[1] "RAT!"
Do something for each element of x
for(species in unique(finch$Aou)){
# Make one of these plots
}
S-apply (simplified-apply) does something to each element of your data set and returns a simplified result (e.g. a vector or matrix)
sapply(biomass_df, mean)
site bugs flies beetles
NA 7.52 16.56 8.80
x = rnorm(10000)
system.time(x + 1)
user system elapsed
0 0 0
x_plus_one = numeric(length(x))
system.time(
for(i in seq_along(x)){
x_plus_one[i] = x[i] + 1
}
)
user system elapsed
0.013 0.001 0.013
?t.test
t.test(x = c(1, 2, 3, 1, 8, 5, 3), y = NULL, alternative = "two.sided", mu = 0, paired = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95)
One Sample t-test
data: c(1, 2, 3, 1, 8, 5, 3)
t = 3.481, df = 6, p-value = 0.01313
alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
0.9758 5.5956
sample estimates:
mean of x
3.286
str(t.test(x = c(1, 2, 3, 1, 8, 5, 3)))
List of 9
$ statistic : Named num 3.48
..- attr(*, "names")= chr "t"
$ parameter : Named num 6
..- attr(*, "names")= chr "df"
$ p.value : num 0.0131
$ conf.int : atomic [1:2] 0.976 5.596
..- attr(*, "conf.level")= num 0.95
$ estimate : Named num 3.29
..- attr(*, "names")= chr "mean of x"
$ null.value : Named num 0
..- attr(*, "names")= chr "mean"
$ alternative: chr "two.sided"
$ method : chr "One Sample t-test"
$ data.name : chr "c(1, 2, 3, 1, 8, 5, 3)"
- attr(*, "class")= chr "htest"
t.test(x = c(1, 2, 3, 1, 8, 5, 3))$p.value
[1] 0.01313
t.test(x = c(1, 2, 3, 1, 8, 5, 3))$conf.int
[1] 0.9758 5.5956
attr(,"conf.level")
[1] 0.95
chisq.test(c(11, 15), p = c(.25, .75))
Chi-squared test for given probabilities
data: c(11, 15)
X-squared = 4.154, df = 1, p-value = 0.04154
plot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays)
lm(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays)
Call:
lm(formula = count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) sprayB sprayC sprayD sprayE
14.500 0.833 -12.417 -9.583 -11.000
sprayF
2.167
summary(lm(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays))
Call:
lm(formula = count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-8.33 -1.96 -0.50 1.67 9.33
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 14.500 1.132 12.81 < 2e-16 ***
sprayB 0.833 1.601 0.52 0.60
sprayC -12.417 1.601 -7.76 7.3e-11 ***
sprayD -9.583 1.601 -5.99 9.8e-08 ***
sprayE -11.000 1.601 -6.87 2.8e-09 ***
sprayF 2.167 1.601 1.35 0.18
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 3.92 on 66 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.724, Adjusted R-squared: 0.704
F-statistic: 34.7 on 5 and 66 DF, p-value: <2e-16
anova(lm(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays))
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: count
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
spray 5 2669 534 34.7 <2e-16 ***
Residuals 66 1015 15
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
?formula
a * b means to include a, b, and their interactionI functionsummary(glm(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays, family = poisson))
Call:
glm(formula = count ~ spray, family = poisson, data = InsectSprays)
Deviance Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-2.385 -0.888 -0.148 0.606 2.692
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
(Intercept) 2.6741 0.0758 35.27 <2e-16 ***
sprayB 0.0559 0.1057 0.53 0.60
sprayC -1.9402 0.2139 -9.07 <2e-16 ***
sprayD -1.0815 0.1507 -7.18 7e-13 ***
sprayE -1.4214 0.1719 -8.27 <2e-16 ***
sprayF 0.1393 0.1037 1.34 0.18
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
(Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)
Null deviance: 409.041 on 71 degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 98.329 on 66 degrees of freedom
AIC: 376.6
Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5
lme4 package, lmer and glmer functions